aliphatic hydrocarbons yog hydrocarbons uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm aliphatic compounds. Lawv tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon thiab hydrogen nkaus xwb thiab muaj npe tom qab lawv pib rho tawm los ntawm cov rog.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab kev faib tawm
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus yam ntxwv: Carbon atoms yog teem rau hauv cov saw ncaj, ceg saw, los yog rings (alicyclic hydrocarbons). Cov pob txha carbon yog saws-zoo li los yog cyclic nrog cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov saw hydrocarbons, qhov txawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide.
Common Classifications: Muab faib los ntawm hom tshuaj lom neeg ntawm carbon atoms:
Alkanes (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons): Tsuas muaj cov pa roj carbon -carbon ib daim ntawv cog lus, cov qauv dav dav:
CnH2n + 2CnH2n+2
Alkenes (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons): Muaj cov pa roj carbon -carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus, cov qauv dav dav:
CnH2nCnH2n
Alkynes (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons): Muaj cov pa roj carbon -carbon triple bonds, cov qauv dav dav:
CnH2n−2CnH2n−2
Lub cev muaj zog:
Lub xeev txawv nrog cov pa roj carbon atoms: 1-4 carbon atoms feem ntau gaseous, 5-16 yog kua, thiab 17 thiab siab dua yog cov khoom (tshwj tsis yog rau neopentane, uas yog gaseous);
Qhov ceev yog tsawg dua dej; Melting thiab boiling cov ntsiab lus maj mam nce nrog cov pa roj carbon atoms; nyob rau hauv isomers, qhov ntau branched cov saw, qhov qis melting thiab boiling ntsiab lus.
Chemical Properties:
Alkanes: feem ntau raug hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab siab - qhov kub thiab txias tiv thaiv;
Alkenes / Alkynes: chemically reactive, muaj peev xwm ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam, ntawm cov sib ntxiv thiab polymerization yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau hauv kev lag luam.
Cov peev txheej thiab siv:
Aliphatic hydrocarbons feem ntau yog muab los ntawm roj av, natural gas, thiab thee. C1-C5 low-carbon aliphatic hydrocarbons yog cov khoom siv raw rau petrochemicals. Ethylene, propylene, thiab C4 / C5 conjugated olefins yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam.