Kev txhais thiab kev faib tawm Aliphatic hydrocarbons yog hydrocarbons uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm aliphatic compounds. Lawv cov molecules tsuas muaj cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov pa roj carbon atoms tuaj yeem txuas rau hauv cov saw ncaj, cov saw caj dab, lossis cov nplhaib (alicyclic hydrocarbons). Lawv muaj npe tom qab qhov tseeb tias lawv tau xub muab rho tawm los ntawm cov rog.
Raws li hom tshuaj bonds ntawm carbon atoms, alkanes tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg:
Alkanes (xws li cycloalkanes): Saturated hydrocarbons muaj tag nrho cov pa roj carbon -carbon ib daim ntawv cog lus. Cov qauv dav dav rau saw alkanes yog:
CnH2n+2 (n Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 1)CXnHX2n+2(n Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 1);
Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons uas muaj cov pa roj carbon -carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus. Cov qauv qhia dav dav rau monoalkenes yog:
CnH2n(n Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2)CXnHX2nHX(n Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2);
Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons uas muaj cov pa roj carbon -carbon triple bonds. Cov mis mos rau monoalkynes yog:
CnH2n−2(n Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2)CXnHX2n−2(n Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2).
Core Properties thiab Cov Cai
Lub cev muaj zog: Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule nce, lub boiling point thiab melting point maj mam nce, thiab qhov ceev yuav maj mam nce, tab sis qhov ceev ntawm tag nrho cov aliphatic hydrocarbons yog tsawg tshaj li cov dej; Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, hydrocarbons nrog 1-4 carbon atoms yog gaseous (tshwj tsis yog rau neopentane, uas yog gaseous), cov uas muaj 5-16 carbon atoms yog kua, thiab cov uas muaj 17 carbon atoms los yog ntau tshaj yog cov khoom.
Chemical Properties: Alkanes ruaj khov thiab tsis hnov mob nrog cov kua qaub uas muaj zog, muaj zog hauv paus, lossis muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm. Lawv tuaj yeem raug hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab lub teeb (ua cov khoom sib xyaw), thiab tuaj yeem tawg tau thiab tuaj yeem raug siab -kub tawg. Alkenes thiab alkynes (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons) yog reactive. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib xyaw, lawv tuaj yeem oxidized los ntawm acidic poov tshuaj permanganate. Lawv cov yam ntxwv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv (nrog bromine, hydrogen chloride, dej, thiab lwm yam), thiab lawv tuaj yeem raug ntxiv polymerization los tsim cov khoom hnyav molecular.