Cov khoom ntawm lub cev ntawm cov cawv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm pawg hydroxyl thiab txawv txav ntawm lawv cov hydrocarbons sib xws. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tau sau tseg hauv qab no:
1. Lub xeev, ntxhiab, thiab ntom
Lub xeev: Saturated monohydric alcohols uas muaj 1-4 carbon atoms yog tsis muaj xim, volatile kua; cawv nrog 5-11 carbon atoms yog viscous, oily kua; siab dua monohydric cawv nrog ntau dua 11 carbon atoms tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis qab, tsis muaj kuab lom; polyhydric alcohols (xws li glycerol thiab ethylene glycol) feem ntau yog syrupy tshuaj.
Cov ntxhiab tsw: Methanol, ethanol, thiab propanol muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cawv; butanol rau undecanol feem ntau muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab.
Ceev: Qhov ceev ntawm monohydric fatty alcohols feem ntau tsawg dua 1 g / cm³, thiab qhov ceev yuav maj mam nce nrog cov pa roj carbon atoms.
2. Solubility
Solubility yog ncaj qha ntsig txog cov pa roj carbon atoms thiab tus naj npawb ntawm pawg hydroxyl:
Lower aliphatic alcohols (monohydric alcohols nrog tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 3 carbon atoms: methanol, ethanol, propanol) yog yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab miscible nrog dej nyob rau hauv ib qho kev faib ua feem;
Pib nrog butanol, solubility maj mam txo nrog cov pa roj carbon ntau ntxiv; cov cawv ntau dua (hexadecimal lossis siab dua) yuav luag insoluble hauv dej; solubility ua tsis zoo pib nrog n-octanol;
Rau tib cov pa roj carbon ntev ntev, ntau pawg hydroxyl ntau dua, qhov solubility ntau dua -vim hydroxyl pawg tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen bonds nrog dej molecules, thiab ntau dua ntawm hydroxyl pawg ua rau muaj kev solubility zoo dua;
Tag nrho cov cawv feem ntau yog yooj yim soluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic.
3. Cov ntsiab lus melting thiab boiling
Cov ntsiab lus melting thiab boiling yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ob qho tib si hydrogen bonds thiab intermolecular rog, raws li cov qauv meej:
Piv nrog rau alkanes nrog cov txheeb ze molecular masses, cawv muaj ntau dua cov ntsiab lus kub vim yog hydrogen bonding ntawm cawv molecules;
Lub boiling point ntawm ncaj- saws saturated monohydric cawv maj mam nce nrog tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule; rau tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, ntau pawg hydroxyl, qhov kub siab dua (polyhydric alcohols muaj ntau qhov chaw hydrogen bonds, ua rau cov ntsiab lus kub ntau dua, xws li ethylene glycol, uas ncav cuag 197 degree);
Lub melting point feem ntau nce maj mam nrog qhov ntev ntawm cov pa roj carbon saw, tsuas yog ib feem me me uas muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov qauv siv lead ua, uas tsis tau tshawb pom qhov tob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv theem siab.